With over 120 years of exploitation in the goldfields and the decline of accessible highgrade reefs, inmine exploration and targeting of ore bodies has become driven by sedimentary process models of ore formation andor structural models of ore remobilisation and genesis. The carbon leader reef is a golduraniumpyritebearing sedimentary unit with an average thickness of 1. Visualizing the formation of uranium and gold ore related. Natal, south africa are older than any ooids reported to date. Canada and the witwatersrand supergroup, south africa. The witwatersrand plateau consists of a 5 000to7 000metrethick 3. Archean foreland basin tectonics in the witwatersrand.
The mineralization in this area is hosted by the upper central rand group of the witwatersrand supergroup. The basin basement and the witwatersrand supergroup, were proba in which the rocks of the central rand group sediments bly deposited somewhere between about 3 100 ma 21 and were being deposited was probably smaller in extent, and 2 800 ma ago 22. If the inline pdf is not rendering correctly, you can download the pdf file here. The departments of botany and zoology of the university of the witwatersrand were founded in 1917 as part of the south african school of mines and technology. Auriferous, uraninitic, hydrocarbonrich stromatolite. This study gives an explanation for the formation of uranium and gold ore related to fossil hydrocarbons in the witwatersrand basin. The major portion of the central business district and adjacent areas are occupied by this eastweststriking and southwarddipping succession of. Witwatersrand system, major division of precambrian rocks in south africa the precambrian began about 3.
The problem of the origin of the witwatersrand golduranium deposit is considered. This file is licensed under the creative commons attributionshare alike 4. It was one of the ten regional commands, which, with the walvis bay military area, made up the territorial force. The witwatersrand basin in south africa is the largest gold province in the world. The witwatersrand supergroup unconformably overlies the dominion group and surrounding archean granitegreenstone basement and is itself overlain unconformably by the ventersdorp supergroup. The witwatersrand rocks overlie rocks of the dominion reef system, underlie those of the ventersdorp system, and occur in an eastwest band. Animal, plant and environmental sciences celebrating a century of life sciences teaching and research. Isotopic composition of pongola supergroup limestones from. Isotopic evidence for biological nitrogen fixation by.
This study has provided new support for a foreland basin origin of the witwatersrand supergroup, proposed by beukes 1995, beukes and nelson 1995 and nhleko 2003, resulting from orogenic collision of the witwatersrand and kimberley blocks along the western margin of the witwatersrand block. The transvaal supergroup is located in the transvaal basin in south africa, and rests on the northern and western parts of the kaapvaal craton. The colby college catalogue is available for download free of charge as a single, searchable pdf file, updated every two hours. Shales, which are significant for provenance and secular variation studies, comprise about 30% of the entire witwatersrand supergroup and an even much greater proportion of the wrg pretorius 1976.
The witwatersrand area of south africa produces a significant percentage of the worlds gold. Two different facies, according to the fineness of the gold, were detected in the vaal reef, the main mineralized horizon of the klerksdorp gold field. Sediments of the witwatersrand supergroup partly cover the granitic rocks and associated greenstones. It lies unconformably on the volcanosedimentary rocks of the ventersdorp supergroup. The witwatersrand locally the rand or, less commonly, the reef is a 56kilometrelong 35 mi, northfacing scarp in south africa. Pdf a geometallurgical study of the witwatersrand gold. Dashes are shown for witwatersrand valuef because calculation was based on volume of rocks in basin see text. Metal distribution in pyrobitumen of the carbon leader. Sedimentary basin development in the archaean pdf free download. Lewan md 1985 evaluation of petroleum generation by hydrous pyrolysis experimentation.
To input these files, clickfile click new admixture or the new admixture button on the toolbar. Provenance and geochemical variations in shales of the. The entire series of rocks, known as the witwatersrand supergroup, consists of very hard erosion resistant quartzites, banded ironstones and some marine lava deposits. Ventersdorp supergroup the end of the witwatersrand supergroup sedimentation was marked by renewed uplift and erosion the vcr. We employed an olympus bx51 microscope, as well as an. Following a 100millionyear hiatus, the witwatersrand supergroup was deposited. A full pdf version of the colby college catalogue is available for download, and archived catalogues back to 1836 are available. Regional magnetic overprinting of witwatersrand supergroup. We examined 545 m thick thin sections of selected misssamples in transmitted as well as re.
General stratigraphy of the transvaal supergroup and the bushveld complex the bushveld complex comprises the voluminous, bimodal intrusive magmas of mafic and felsic characteristics into predating transvaal supergroup sediments and rooiberg group volcanics. The association of gold with carbonaceous rocks is interpreted in. Surface water resources the vaal river and its tributaries in the vredefort dome world heritage site vdwhs, south africa, have been over extended and future development will rely solely on groundwater. Email us with any questions about catalogue information. The witwatersrand supergroup is an erosional and structural remnant of a large sedimentary succession that was deposited between 3. Abstract the first witwatersrand gold deposits in the orange free state were discovered under younger cover rocks in the 1930s with the. This is a spectacular sample of precambrian highgrade gold ore from south africas blyvooruitzicht gold mine. Download fulltext pdf a geometallurgical study of the witwatersrand gold ore at carletonville, south africa conference paper pdf available september 20 with 1,097 reads. Regional magnetic overprinting of witwatersrand supergroup sediments, south africa article pdf available in journal of geophysical research atmospheres 93b3. Evidence for the primary character of spheroids and the autochthonous crystallization of pyrite under endogenic conditions is furnished. Palynofacies patterns of the highveld coal deposits karoo.
This foreland system may be partitioned into foredeep, forebulge, and backbulge flexural provinces. The witwatersrand basin in south africa is the largest goldfield in the world, with an estimated past production of 50,000 t of gold 40% of world production, and hosts a major uranium resource, with a past production of 1. On the screen that opens, click import data file and navigate to the admixture data file outputted by the admixtureclumpp tools. Hence, being at a critical point in the water balance, groundwater resources in the vdwhs require careful management and protection to ensure sustainability and equitable access. The fluvial and explosion hydrothermal origin of pyrite spheroids and aubearing pseudoconglomerate is denied. Jun 15, 2001 read geochemistry and petrology of witwatersrand and dwyka diamictites from south africa. Pdfs of separate departments or programs may be downloaded by browsing departments and programs or majors and minors. The alkali granite intruded the neoarchaean witwatersrand supergroup and has a peralkaline to peraluminous composition. The following 19 files are in this category, out of 19 total.
Microsoft provides no assurances andor warranties, implied or otherwise, and is not responsible for the download you receive from the thirdparty linked sites or any support related to the download or the downloaded technology. In order to reveal microstructures, we employed the methods of noffke and coworkers noffke, 2000. It is one of the main goldproducing reefs in the witwatersrand with an estimated resource of 117. Then clickimport fam file and navigate to the fam data file. Download pdf about rww engineering rww specialises in the manufacture of electrical equipment and turnkey projects, providing the industry with products such as switchgear, motor control, reactive power compensation, harmonic filter equipment and other related products.
Based in johannesburg, it was responsible for the security of the region, forming the primary level of command for military operations in support of. After the pdf file has been converted to word file, we can click the file to download and edit it. Archean foreland basin tectonics in the witwatersrand, south africa. Some farms have been so badly affected that they are no longer operative. A revised stratigraphic framework for the witwatersrand. This difficulty led to this study which is aimed at utilizing mineral liberation analyzer mlabased automated mineralogy to distinguish between the various reefs and to assess the mineralogical variation within the a1, a5 and ue1areefs. Evaluating the structural character and tectonic history. Already, it is decanting or leaking into our ground water and many people have been seriously affected by this. The fossil gold placers of the witwatersrand pdf paperity. The pongola supergroup is a volcanosedimentary succession that was deposited along the southeastern margin of the kaapvaal craton beukes and cairncross, 1991. Davis discovered the first gold in the witwatersrand, leading to the south african gold rush and the discovery of much more gold deposits within the basin. They are made of dolomite and ankerite and show concentric, radial. The pongola supergroup is an archaean supracrustal succession situated on the kaapvaal craton of southern africa and comprises a lower nsuze group overlain by the mozaan group.
Jun 01, 2001 the witwatersrand basin is part of a retroarc foreland system formed during the late archaean in response to crustal thickening along the northern margin of the kaapvaal craton. The schurwedraai alkali granite is one of a number of prominent ultramaficmafic and felsic intrusions in the neoarchaean to palaeoproterozoic subvertical supracrustal collar rocks of the vredefort dome, south africa. Ooids from the mesoarchaean chobeni formation, pongola supergroup, kwazulu. It stretches for 350 km long by 200 km wide with a thickness that can exceed 10,000m. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any. Metal distribution in pyrobitumen of the carbon leader reef. Flexural partitioning of the late archaean witwatersrand. Finally, clickimport pheno file and navigate to the. A total of 165 samples of shale from the witwatersrand supergroup were selected for geochemical examination. Gold accumulation in the archaean witwatersrand basin. The black reef formation is the basal lithostratigraphic unit of the late archean to early proterozoic transvaal supergroup els et al. Pdf copy colby college catalogue 20192020 colby college. The witwatersrand is a large basin of metamorphosed conglomerates that forms the greatest goldfield in the world. Kong, zhigang wu, yue liang, ting zhang, feng meng, xuyang lu, lin and yang, g.
The former group is dominated by lavas whereas the latter consists mainly of sedimentary rocks. The distribution of chromium isotopes and redoxsensitive metals in the nsuze palaeosol and in the ijzermyn iron formation from the pongola supergroup, in south africa, suggests that there were. A revised stratigraphic framework for the witwatersrand supergroup author. The formation of gold deposits in south africa geomar. Multiple constraints from chospbsr isotopic compositions.
The growth and concentration of uranium and titanium. Matthews 1990 described the setting of the pongola supergroup and. It is common to construct a subsidence model for a sedimentary basin when exploring the basin for oil and gas, but subsidence models rarely are used in the search for mineral deposits. Denudation rates were chosen according to length of time span, as follows. Geological setting university of the witwatersrand.
The growth and concentration of uranium and titanium minerals. Atmospheric oxygenation three billion years ago nature. Download fulltext pdf the indigenous origin of witwatersrand carbon article pdf available in precambrian research 1643. Water free fulltext the role of geohydrology in the.
It consists of a hard, erosionresistant quartzite metamorphic rock, over which several northflowing rivers form waterfalls, which account for the name witwatersrand, meaning ridge of white waters in afrikaans. Carbon leader gold ore with gold au and uraninite uo2 black. The witwatersrand deposit and the problem of the ore. A surface and subsurface distribution of the witwatersrand supergroup, ventersdorp supergroup, and adjacent bushveld igneous complex modified from catuneanu, 2001, frimmel. The university of witwatersrand, wits university prospectus 2020 is now available online for download in pdf. The pongola supergroup agatha white mfolozi langfontein mkuzane formation white mfolozi nsuze group basement mantonga nhebela stratigraphy of the nsuze group pyroclastic rocks basalt andesite sandstone conglomerate diamictite bif fe mudrock mudrock granite gneiss 2. A revised stratigraphic framework for the witwatersrand supergroup issue 42 of lithostratigraphic series. Gly 163 earth history the ventersdorp supergroup and the limpopo belt nils. Simplified geological map of the witwatersrand basin, with all strata younger than the witwatersrand supergroup removed, showing the known distribution of metamorphic facies in the witwatersrand supergroup, the positions of the bushveld and losberg complexes, and the. In contrast the pongola supergroup is perhaps the oldest sequence with a clearly exposed continental basement 27. Sources of oreforming material for pbzn deposits in the sichuanyunnanguizhou triangle area.
Animal, plant and environmental sciences wits university. Witwatersrand goldpyriteuraninite deposits do not support a. The origin of the gold and uranium ores of the black reef. The witwatersrand orebodies are confined to a tectonically preserved remnant of a more extensive sedimentary basin with a complex syn and postdepositional history phillips and law, 2000. The paleoproterozoic aravalli supregroup of rocks, hosted in aravalli craton of nw shield, is deposited in shallow and deep water conditions. A revision of the ovuliferous fructifications of glossopterids from the permian of south africa.
Slightly younger, but of comparable thickness and also with well exposed continental basements are the belingwe and witwatersrand sequences. This file is licensed under the creative commons attribution 2. Spatial and temporal distribution of microbially induced. The major lithologies are phyllites and quartzites with significant components of greywacks and dolomite. The preserved sedimentary fill occupies the region of the flexural foredeep, and displays a typical transition from. Task group for the witwatersrand supergroup, council for geoscience south africa editor. Because of the oxygendeficient, reducing environment during witwatersrand times, no silver was. Geology, the mesoarchean witwatersrand supergroup is a remarkably well preserved siliciclastic dominated cratonic platform succession located on the kaapvaal craton in south africa. Waterfall, witwatersrand national botanical gardens. Download limit exceeded you have exceeded your daily download allowance. Composition and provenance of quartzites of the mesoarchean. Geochemistry of palaeoproterozoic rocks of aravalli. Carbonate ooids of the mesoarchaean pongola supergroup.